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The credentials that you use to initially log on to your computer are also the credentials that are presented to a domain when attempting to access a network resource. Therefore, if your local logon and network authorization credentials differ, you might be prompted to provide Active Directory domain credentials each time you access a network resource. You can avoid this by logging on to your computer by using your domain name, your domain user name, and your domain password before you try to connect to a network resource. If you log on without being connected to the network, Windows 2000 Server or Windows Server 2003 recognizes that your credentials match a previous successful logon attempt, and you receive the following message: Windows cannot connect to a server to confirm your logon settings. You have been logged on using previously stored account information. Whenever you connect to your network, your cached credentials are sent to your domain and you can access network resources without having to provide your password again.

You can use Network Connections with the following authentication protocols and methods. PAP Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) uses plaintext (unencrypted) passwords and is the least sophisticated authentication protocol. PAP is typically used when your connection and the server cannot negotiate a more secure form of validation. You might need to use this protocol when you are attempting to connect to a non-Windows-based server. SPAP Shiva Password Authentication Protocol (SPAP) uses a two-way encryption scheme to encrypt passwords. By using SPAP, Shiva clients can dial in to computers running Windows 2000 Server, Windows Server 2003, and Windows XP Professional clients can dial in to Shiva network access servers. CHAP The Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) negotiates a secure form of encrypted authentication by using Message Digest 5 (MD5), an industry-standard hashing scheme. A hashing scheme is a method for transforming data (for example, a password) in such a way that the result is unique and cannot be changed back to its original form. CHAP uses

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rupted from time to time with line noise, particularly in older homes and rural areas. You might even get disconnected periodically, either due to line noise or timeout restrictions on the remote dial-up servers, and be forced to reconnect.

challenge-response with one-way MD5 hashing on the response. In this way, you can prove to the server that you know your password without actually sending the password over the network. By supporting CHAP and MD5, Network Connections can authenticate users to almost all third-party PPP servers. Note If your server requires you to use PAP, SPAP, or CHAP, you cannot use data encryption for dial-up or PPTP connections.

If the connection is configured to require data encryption, and connects to a server that is only configured for PAP, SPAP, or CHAP authentication, the client terminates the connection.

144 Microsoft Visual C# 2008 Express Edition: Build a Program Now!

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MS-CHAP Microsoft created Microsoft Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (MS-CHAP), an extension of CHAP, to authenticate remote Windows-based workstations. Like CHAP, MS-CHAP uses a challenge-response mechanism. Where possible, MS-CHAP is consistent with standard CHAP. Its response packet is in a format specifically designed for networks with computers running Windows XP Professional, Windows XP Home Edition, Windows 2000, Windows Server 2003, Windows NT, Windows Me, Windows 98, and Windows 95. A version of MS-CHAP is available specifically for connecting to a Windows 95 based computer. It is available as part of the Windows Dial-up Networking 1.3 Performance and Security Upgrade for Windows 95. This is required only if your connection is being made to a Windows 95 based computer. MS-CHAPv2 Windows XP Professional also includes Microsoft Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol version 2 (MS-CHAPv2). This protocol provides mutual authentication, stronger initial data encryption keys, and different encryption keys for sending and receiving. To minimize the risk of password compromise during MS-CHAP exchanges, MS-CHAPv2 supports only a newer, more secure, version of the MS-CHAP password change process. In Windows XP Professional and Windows 2000, both dial-up and VPN connections can use MS-CHAPv2. Windows NT 4.0, Windows 98, and Windows 95 based computers can use only MS-CHAPv2 authentication for VPN connections. For VPN connections, Windows 2000 Server and Windows Server 2003 offer MS-CHAPv2 before offering MS-CHAP. Updated Windows-based clients accept MS-CHAPv2 when it is offered and MS-CHAP is enabled. Dial-up connections are not affected. EAP The Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is an extension to the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). EAP was developed in response to an increasing demand for remote access user authentication that uses third-party security devices. EAP provides an infrastructure to

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